[sdk] Build extension behavior tweaks

[CodeBlanch]

Changes

• Changes the Build extension for traces & metrics so that it isn't possible for a null to be returned, a NotSupportedException will be thrown for invalid builder types (logs updated to also throw)
• Adds a protected ctor on API LoggerProvider to make it consistent with traces & metrics.

Details

• Right now it is possible for a null to be returned which ripples through the annotations and into calling code ex:

  opentelemetry-dotnet/docs/metrics/getting-started-prometheus-grafana/Program.cs

  Line 55 in 9302891

  meterProvider?.Dispose();

  The goal with this change is to eliminate the need for null checking in order to simplify the user experience and docs.

Merge requirement checklist

• CONTRIBUTING guidelines followed (nullable enabled, static analysis, etc.)
• Unit tests added/updated
• Appropriate CHANGELOG.md files updated for non-trivial changes

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #4885 (c91d779) into main (6e2f442) will increase coverage by 0.00%.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #4885   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   82.93%   82.93%           
=======================================
  Files         294      294           
  Lines       12198    12200    +2     
=======================================
+ Hits        10116    10118    +2     
  Misses       2082     2082           

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	82.93% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Files	Coverage Δ
src/OpenTelemetry.Api/Logs/LoggerProvider.cs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...ry/Logs/Builder/LoggerProviderBuilderExtensions.cs	100.00% <100.00%> (+2.08%)	⬆️
.../Metrics/Builder/MeterProviderBuilderExtensions.cs	92.30% <100.00%> (+0.85%)	⬆️
...y/Trace/Builder/TracerProviderBuilderExtensions.cs	100.00% <100.00%> (+1.20%)	⬆️

... and 5 files with indirect coverage changes