Add support to emit output to memory

Don't necessarily require a filesystem to execute `wasm-bindgen`,
allowing the `wasm-bindgen-cli-support` crate to be compiled to
WebAssembly, for example, and possibly run `wasm-bindgen` in your
browser! For now this is largely just an internal refactoring and won't
result in many use cases, but it felt like a good refactoring to have
regardless.

Author: alexcrichton