diff --git a/cpp11test/src/test-r_vector.cpp b/cpp11test/src/test-r_vector.cpp
index b665c533..c73f48a8 100644
--- a/cpp11test/src/test-r_vector.cpp
+++ b/cpp11test/src/test-r_vector.cpp
@@ -325,4 +325,47 @@ context("r_vector-C++") {
     expect_true(x.data() != R_NilValue);
     expect_true(x.size() == 3);
   }
+
+  test_that(
+      "writable vector truncation resizes names and retains attributes (but not dim or "
+      "dim names)") {
+    cpp11::writable::integers x(2);
+    x[0] = 1;
+    x[1] = 2;
+
+    // Doubles the capacity from 2 to 4, meaning the underlying SEXP has length 4 now.
+    x.push_back(3);
+    expect_true(Rf_xlength(x.data()) == 4);
+
+    // Set some names
+    SEXP names = PROTECT(Rf_allocVector(STRSXP, 3));
+    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 0, Rf_mkCharCE("x", CE_UTF8));
+    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 1, Rf_mkCharCE("y", CE_UTF8));
+    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 2, Rf_mkCharCE("z", CE_UTF8));
+    x.names() = names;
+
+    // Length of names SEXP is actually 4 now, extended by `setAttrib()` to match
+    // the internal capacity
+    expect_true(Rf_xlength(Rf_getAttrib(x.data(), R_NamesSymbol)) == 4);
+
+    // Set an attribute
+    SEXP bar = PROTECT(Rf_ScalarInteger(1));
+    x.attr("foo") = bar;
+
+    // Extract out the underlying SEXP using the operator:
+    // - This truncates to size 3
+    // - This truncates and keeps names
+    // - This copies over attributes like `"foo"`
+    // - This updates the internal SEXP in `x` to the one in `x_sexp` (gross but users
+    //   probably expect this at this point)
+    SEXP x_sexp = x;
+
+    expect_true(Rf_xlength(x_sexp) == 3);
+    expect_true(Rf_xlength(Rf_getAttrib(x_sexp, R_NamesSymbol)) == 3);
+    expect_true(Rf_getAttrib(x_sexp, Rf_install("foo")) == bar);
+
+    expect_true(x.data() == x_sexp);
+
+    UNPROTECT(2);
+  }
 }
diff --git a/inst/include/cpp11/doubles.hpp b/inst/include/cpp11/doubles.hpp
index eb5de79e..5a5cd12f 100644
--- a/inst/include/cpp11/doubles.hpp
+++ b/inst/include/cpp11/doubles.hpp
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ inline typename r_vector<double>::underlying_type* r_vector<double>::get_p(bool
   }
 }
 
+template <>
+inline typename r_vector<double>::underlying_type const* r_vector<double>::get_const_p(
+    bool is_altrep, SEXP data) {
+  return REAL_OR_NULL(data);
+}
+
 template <>
 inline void r_vector<double>::get_region(SEXP x, R_xlen_t i, R_xlen_t n,
                                          typename r_vector::underlying_type* buf) {
diff --git a/inst/include/cpp11/integers.hpp b/inst/include/cpp11/integers.hpp
index 559ecdf5..ff82cda5 100644
--- a/inst/include/cpp11/integers.hpp
+++ b/inst/include/cpp11/integers.hpp
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ inline typename r_vector<int>::underlying_type* r_vector<int>::get_p(bool is_alt
   }
 }
 
+template <>
+inline typename r_vector<int>::underlying_type const* r_vector<int>::get_const_p(
+    bool is_altrep, SEXP data) {
+  return INTEGER_OR_NULL(data);
+}
+
 template <>
 inline void r_vector<int>::get_region(SEXP x, R_xlen_t i, R_xlen_t n,
                                       typename r_vector::underlying_type* buf) {
diff --git a/inst/include/cpp11/list.hpp b/inst/include/cpp11/list.hpp
index dbb6937d..b480374b 100644
--- a/inst/include/cpp11/list.hpp
+++ b/inst/include/cpp11/list.hpp
@@ -30,6 +30,18 @@ inline typename r_vector<SEXP>::underlying_type* r_vector<SEXP>::get_p(bool, SEX
   return nullptr;
 }
 
+template <>
+inline typename r_vector<SEXP>::underlying_type const* r_vector<SEXP>::get_const_p(
+    bool is_altrep, SEXP data) {
+  // No `VECTOR_PTR_OR_NULL()`
+  if (is_altrep) {
+    return nullptr;
+  } else {
+    // TODO: Use `VECTOR_PTR_RO()` conditionally once R 4.5.0 is officially released
+    return static_cast<SEXP const*>(DATAPTR_RO(data));
+  }
+}
+
 /// Specialization for lists, where `x["oob"]` returns `R_NilValue`, like at the R level
 template <>
 inline SEXP r_vector<SEXP>::get_oob() {
diff --git a/inst/include/cpp11/logicals.hpp b/inst/include/cpp11/logicals.hpp
index e3305010..0b197373 100644
--- a/inst/include/cpp11/logicals.hpp
+++ b/inst/include/cpp11/logicals.hpp
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ inline typename r_vector<r_bool>::underlying_type* r_vector<r_bool>::get_p(bool
   }
 }
 
+template <>
+inline typename r_vector<r_bool>::underlying_type const* r_vector<r_bool>::get_const_p(
+    bool is_altrep, SEXP data) {
+  return LOGICAL_OR_NULL(data);
+}
+
 template <>
 inline void r_vector<r_bool>::get_region(SEXP x, R_xlen_t i, R_xlen_t n,
                                          typename r_vector::underlying_type* buf) {
diff --git a/inst/include/cpp11/r_vector.hpp b/inst/include/cpp11/r_vector.hpp
index c399a87d..3d15e5d1 100644
--- a/inst/include/cpp11/r_vector.hpp
+++ b/inst/include/cpp11/r_vector.hpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>         // for max
 #include <array>             // for array
 #include <cstdio>            // for snprintf
+#include <cstring>           // for memcpy
 #include <exception>         // for exception
 #include <initializer_list>  // for initializer_list
 #include <iterator>          // for forward_iterator_tag, random_ac...
@@ -145,6 +146,8 @@ class r_vector {
   /// Implemented in specialization
   static underlying_type* get_p(bool is_altrep, SEXP data);
   /// Implemented in specialization
+  static underlying_type const* get_const_p(bool is_altrep, SEXP data);
+  /// Implemented in specialization
   static void get_region(SEXP x, R_xlen_t i, R_xlen_t n, underlying_type* buf);
   /// Implemented in specialization
   static SEXPTYPE get_sexptype();
@@ -311,8 +314,13 @@ class r_vector : public cpp11::r_vector<T> {
   /// Implemented in specialization
   static void set_elt(SEXP x, R_xlen_t i, underlying_type value);
 
+  static SEXP reserve_data(SEXP x, bool is_altrep, R_xlen_t size);
+  static SEXP resize_data(SEXP x, bool is_altrep, R_xlen_t size);
+  static SEXP resize_names(SEXP x, R_xlen_t size);
+
   using cpp11::r_vector<T>::get_elt;
   using cpp11::r_vector<T>::get_p;
+  using cpp11::r_vector<T>::get_const_p;
   using cpp11::r_vector<T>::get_sexptype;
   using cpp11::r_vector<T>::valid_type;
   using cpp11::r_vector<T>::valid_length;
@@ -759,8 +767,25 @@ inline r_vector<T>::r_vector(SEXP&& data, bool is_altrep)
     : cpp11::r_vector<T>(data, is_altrep), capacity_(length_) {}
 
 template <typename T>
-inline r_vector<T>::r_vector(const r_vector& rhs)
-    : cpp11::r_vector<T>(safe[Rf_shallow_duplicate](rhs)), capacity_(rhs.capacity_) {}
+inline r_vector<T>::r_vector(const r_vector& rhs) {
+  // We don't want to just pass through to the read-only constructor because we'd
+  // have to convert to `SEXP` first, which could truncate, and then we'd still have
+  // to shallow duplicate after that to ensure we have a duplicate, which can result in
+  // too many copies (#369).
+  //
+  // Instead we take control of setting all fields to try and only duplicate 1 time.
+  // We try and reclaim unused capacity during the duplication by only reserving up to
+  // the `rhs.length_`. This is nice because if the user returns this object, the
+  // truncation has already been done and they don't have to pay for another allocation.
+  // Importantly, `reserve_data()` always duplicates even if there wasn't extra capacity,
+  // which ensures we have our own copy.
+  data_ = reserve_data(rhs.data_, rhs.is_altrep_, rhs.length_);
+  protect_ = detail::store::insert(data_);
+  is_altrep_ = ALTREP(data_);
+  data_p_ = get_p(is_altrep_, data_);
+  length_ = rhs.length_;
+  capacity_ = rhs.length_;
+}
 
 template <typename T>
 inline r_vector<T>::r_vector(r_vector&& rhs) {
@@ -1048,7 +1073,7 @@ inline void r_vector<T>::reserve(R_xlen_t new_capacity) {
   SEXP old_protect = protect_;
 
   data_ = (data_ == R_NilValue) ? safe[Rf_allocVector](get_sexptype(), new_capacity)
-                                : safe[Rf_xlengthgets](data_, new_capacity);
+                                : reserve_data(data_, is_altrep_, new_capacity);
   protect_ = detail::store::insert(data_);
   is_altrep_ = ALTREP(data_);
   data_p_ = get_p(is_altrep_, data_);
@@ -1249,6 +1274,83 @@ inline typename r_vector<T>::iterator r_vector<T>::iterator::operator+(R_xlen_t
   return it;
 }
 
+// Compared to `Rf_xlengthgets()`:
+// - This always allocates, even if it is the same size, which is important when we use
+//   it in a constructor and need to ensure that it duplicates on the way in.
+// - This copies over attributes with `Rf_copyMostAttrib()`, which is important when we
+//   use it in constructors and when we truncate right before returning from the `SEXP`
+//   operator.
+// - This is more friendly to ALTREP `x`.
+template <typename T>
+inline SEXP r_vector<T>::reserve_data(SEXP x, bool is_altrep, R_xlen_t size) {
+  // Resize core data
+  SEXP out = PROTECT(resize_data(x, is_altrep, size));
+
+  // Resize names, if required
+  SEXP names = Rf_getAttrib(x, R_NamesSymbol);
+  if (names != R_NilValue) {
+    names = resize_names(names, size);
+    Rf_setAttrib(out, R_NamesSymbol, names);
+  }
+
+  // Copy over "most" attributes, and set OBJECT bit and S4 bit as needed.
+  // Does not copy over names, dim, or dim names.
+  // Names are handled already. Dim and dim names should not be applicable,
+  // as this is a vector.
+  // Does not look like it would ever error in our use cases, so no `safe[]`.
+  Rf_copyMostAttrib(x, out);
+
+  UNPROTECT(1);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline SEXP r_vector<T>::resize_data(SEXP x, bool is_altrep, R_xlen_t size) {
+  underlying_type const* v_x = get_const_p(is_altrep, x);
+
+  SEXP out = PROTECT(safe[Rf_allocVector](get_sexptype(), size));
+  underlying_type* v_out = get_p(ALTREP(out), out);
+
+  const R_xlen_t x_size = Rf_xlength(x);
+  const R_xlen_t copy_size = (x_size > size) ? size : x_size;
+
+  // Copy over data from `x` up to `copy_size` (we could be truncating so don't blindly
+  // copy everything from `x`)
+  if (v_x != nullptr && v_out != nullptr) {
+    std::memcpy(v_out, v_x, copy_size * sizeof(underlying_type));
+  } else {
+    // Handles ALTREP `x` with no const pointer, VECSXP, STRSXP
+    for (R_xlen_t i = 0; i < copy_size; ++i) {
+      set_elt(out, i, get_elt(x, i));
+    }
+  }
+
+  UNPROTECT(1);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline SEXP r_vector<T>::resize_names(SEXP x, R_xlen_t size) {
+  const SEXP* v_x = STRING_PTR_RO(x);
+
+  SEXP out = PROTECT(safe[Rf_allocVector](STRSXP, size));
+
+  const R_xlen_t x_size = Rf_xlength(x);
+  const R_xlen_t copy_size = (x_size > size) ? size : x_size;
+
+  for (R_xlen_t i = 0; i < copy_size; ++i) {
+    SET_STRING_ELT(out, i, v_x[i]);
+  }
+
+  // Ensure remaining names are initialized to `""`
+  for (R_xlen_t i = copy_size; i < size; ++i) {
+    SET_STRING_ELT(out, i, R_BlankString);
+  }
+
+  UNPROTECT(1);
+  return out;
+}
+
 }  // namespace writable
 
 // TODO: is there a better condition we could use, e.g. assert something true
diff --git a/inst/include/cpp11/raws.hpp b/inst/include/cpp11/raws.hpp
index 8da99e58..60baf74f 100644
--- a/inst/include/cpp11/raws.hpp
+++ b/inst/include/cpp11/raws.hpp
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ inline typename r_vector<uint8_t>::underlying_type r_vector<uint8_t>::get_elt(
   return RAW_ELT(x, i);
 }
 
+template <>
+inline typename r_vector<uint8_t>::underlying_type const* r_vector<uint8_t>::get_const_p(
+    bool is_altrep, SEXP data) {
+  return RAW_OR_NULL(data);
+}
+
 template <>
 inline typename r_vector<uint8_t>::underlying_type* r_vector<uint8_t>::get_p(
     bool is_altrep, SEXP data) {
diff --git a/inst/include/cpp11/strings.hpp b/inst/include/cpp11/strings.hpp
index f84b0edb..dabe2950 100644
--- a/inst/include/cpp11/strings.hpp
+++ b/inst/include/cpp11/strings.hpp
@@ -34,6 +34,17 @@ inline typename r_vector<r_string>::underlying_type* r_vector<r_string>::get_p(b
   return nullptr;
 }
 
+template <>
+inline typename r_vector<r_string>::underlying_type const*
+r_vector<r_string>::get_const_p(bool is_altrep, SEXP data) {
+  // No `STRING_PTR_OR_NULL()`
+  if (is_altrep) {
+    return nullptr;
+  } else {
+    return STRING_PTR_RO(data);
+  }
+}
+
 template <>
 inline void r_vector<r_string>::get_region(SEXP x, R_xlen_t i, R_xlen_t n,
                                            typename r_vector::underlying_type* buf) {