[SPARK-8422] [BUILD] [PROJECT INFRA] Add a module abstraction to dev/run-tests

This patch builds upon apache#5694 to add a 'module' abstraction to the `dev/run-tests` script which groups together the per-module test logic, including the mapping from file paths to modules, the mapping from modules to test goals and build profiles, and the dependencies / relationships between modules.

This refactoring makes it much easier to increase the granularity of test modules, which will let us skip even more tests.  It's also a prerequisite for other changes that will reduce test time, such as running subsets of the Python tests based on which files / modules have changed.

This patch also adds doctests for the new graph traversal / change mapping code.

Author: Josh Rosen <[email protected]>

Closes apache#6866 from JoshRosen/more-dev-run-tests-refactoring and squashes the following commits:

75de450 [Josh Rosen] Use module system to determine which build profiles to enable.
4224da5 [Josh Rosen] Add documentation to Module.
a86a953 [Josh Rosen] Clean up modules; add new modules for streaming external projects
e46539f [Josh Rosen] Fix camel-cased endswith()
35a3052 [Josh Rosen] Enable Hive tests when running all tests
df10e23 [Josh Rosen] update to reflect fact that no module depends on root
3670d50 [Josh Rosen] mllib should depend on streaming
dc6f1c6 [Josh Rosen] Use changed files' extensions to decide whether to run style checks
7092d3e [Josh Rosen] Skip SBT tests if no test goals are specified
43a0ced [Josh Rosen] Minor fixes
3371441 [Josh Rosen] Test everything if nothing has changed (needed for non-PRB builds)
37f3fb3 [Josh Rosen] Remove doc profiles option, since it's not actually needed (see apache#6865)
f53864b [Josh Rosen] Finish integrating module changes
f0249bd [Josh Rosen] WIP

Author: JoshRosen